Various groups and minorities in
Egypt are discriminated against and marginalized. With all the mobilization and
debate happening in this post-revolution phase, one group has got very little attention
and spotlight. Which group in Egypt suffers from highest rates of illiteracy;
bears the heavy burden of utmost poverty; lack essential healthcare greatly
jeopardizing their lives; and is not represented in our new parliament at all?
The answer is rural women.
This is certainly not a simple minority group as rural females make up about a
quarter of Egypt’s 82-million population. However, rural women are not a homogeneous group; they live in different regions and have different
socioeconomic conditions. In this light, the most disadvantaged group would be poor,
rural women living in Upper Egypt.
 |
| Photo Credit: http://orzqyat.wordpress.com/ Blog |
Not only rural women do not get
enough attention, but rural Egypt as a whole. Despite all the debates brought
up during the revolution, little we knew of its impact on rural Egypt. Media
outlets keep an urban eye to whatever going on despite evidence of a lot of mobilization happening on the rural front. We do know, however, that rural
communities had a sense of solidarity with Tahrir Square, but they couldn’t
fully participate because of the need to look after their lands or simply
because they could not afford transport. However, there were growing concerns because
of the rising costs that seriously undermines the agricultural process and the
deteriorating security situation within the villages. In general, there was a
sense of a need to put rural issues on the agenda and that reform has to reach
the countryside.
The past regimes always asserted
that farmers are on top of the development agenda, while the reality was that they worked on undermining the situation and rights of farmers. While Nasser’s regime sided with the
villagers and worked to end feudalism and monopoly (despite other flaws), the
neoliberal policies introduced in Sadat’s era placed higher value on exporting
goods and joining the global market at the expense of local self-sufficiency;
and this persisted through Mubarak’s time.
If we go back to look at rural women
and their conditions, we’ll soon find out how they fall at the bottom of all
welfare indicators. Only 66% of adults are literate in Egypt; Women living in
rural areas are most likely to miss school or get the least years of education either
for economic or cultural reasons, whereas the sons’ education is prioritized. Missing
education is a major barrier for rural women as it shapes their potential; and
illiteracy limits their life options such as economic opportunities and health
status.
When we look at working conditions,
we find that rural women play a crucial role in agriculture and rural
development; however they get the least benefit from that process. Women perform
many agriculture-related activities and mostly don’t get paid for it. This does
not exempt them from the household chores they have to take care of besides
their production. Although 41% of people working in agriculture and fisheries
in Egypt are women, their right to own land is violated, mostly due to traditions
enforced by family and community, and this is a worldwide problem not only in
our region. With the increasing male migration to urban areas, more women are
in charge of households and face extra burdens to maintain their livelihood.
Sadly too, rural women’s health is much
at risk. They usually suffer from malnutrition despite her contribution to the
production of food, but they usually favor giving most of the food share to her
family. Additionally, they work long exhausting hours in the home and outside
and they do not get sufficient health care. The highest fertility rates exist
among rural women while they risk losing their lives during pregnancy and delivery
because of the lack of access to adequate health services. It’s needless to say
that they suffer most from patriarchal values. One of the mortifying realities
is that the prevalence of female genital mutilation is highest in rural Upper
Egypt and reaches 95% of women despite the ban and the efforts to eradicate this practice.
Rural women are also excluded from
the decision making process. They don’t have representation on the local (agricultural associations, etc.) or national level (government, parliament, etc.). We don’t
hear those women’s stories and they’re not empowered to advocate for their
causes. We need to direct more attention to those women and their lives. New Women Foundation and Rising Voices has ran this project to convey the voices of
rural women, listen to their stories!
With the dire conditions facing
rural women (not only in Egypt but in various world regions), we need to reevaluate
our priorities. The United Nations has chosen rural women as this year’s theme for International Women’s Day to help highlight the cause. Mervat El
Tallawy, the newly-elected president of the recently-revived National Women’s
Council presented a statement on the topic at the 56th session of
the UN Commission on the status of women, and pledged to push their issue to
the top of the agenda. Would those promises be realized? How much more can we
afford to ignore rural women and rural issues in general while half of our population lives in rural areas?
The writer Maria Golia has made the case for the rural side of Egypt in her recent article.
“In the absence of intelligent top-down strategies, change must
come from the bottom up. Egypt’s revolution began in cities, but the nation’s
life literally relies on its grassroots. Think of this next time you slice a
tomato: Unless Egypt’s head remembers its body, its stomach will go empty and
it will lose its heart.”
